{ "$comment": "Seed controlled vocabularies for the FusionBenchmark dataset. This file is DATA, not schema — new terms are added here and the schema never changes. Terms are retired with deprecated:true + replacedBy, never deleted, so existing records are never orphaned. The `metric` scheme is the core: it is the registry that makes every number in the dataset self-describing.", "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "vocabularies": { "sector": [ { "id": "sector:fusion", "label": "Fusion", "definition": "Organizations pursuing energy from nuclear fusion, and their dedicated supply chain." }, { "id": "sector:fission", "label": "Fission", "definition": "Advanced and small modular fission reactor developers, plus established reactor vendors." }, { "id": "sector:fuel-cycle", "label": "Fuel cycle", "definition": "Mining, conversion, enrichment, fabrication, reprocessing, waste and tritium supply." }, { "id": "sector:supply-chain", "label": "Supply chain", "definition": "Components, materials, instrumentation and services sold into fusion or fission programmes." } ], "role": [ { "id": "role:fusion-developer", "label": "Fusion developer", "definition": "Develops a fusion device or power plant concept. Carries no implication that the device exists or works." }, { "id": "role:reactor-developer", "label": "Reactor developer", "definition": "Develops a fission reactor design. Carries no implication that anything is licensed, funded or built." }, { "id": "role:supplier", "label": "Supplier", "definition": "Supplies components, materials or fuel to the sector without developing a reactor or device of its own." }, { "id": "role:investor", "label": "Investor", "definition": "Provides capital. Held as a role on the organisation rather than in a separate collection, so one record can be both investor and operator." }, { "id": "role:operator", "label": "Operator", "definition": "Runs a facility, which may have been built by someone else." }, { "id": "role:utility", "label": "Utility", "definition": "Generates or distributes electricity. Buys, operates or offtakes from plants rather than designing them." }, { "id": "role:regulator", "label": "Regulator", "definition": "Regulators are Organizations so that dockets resolve to a page and to a citable body." }, { "id": "role:research-institute", "label": "Research institute", "definition": "A public or non-profit research body. Frequently operates devices it did not commercially develop." }, { "id": "role:university", "label": "University", "definition": "A degree-granting institution. Many of the smaller devices in this dataset are university machines." }, { "id": "role:national-lab", "label": "National laboratory", "definition": "A state-funded laboratory operating at national scale, usually running facilities no single university could support." }, { "id": "role:government-programme", "label": "Government programme", "definition": "A state programme rather than a company: the funder, operator or coordinator of a national effort." }, { "id": "role:consortium", "label": "Consortium", "definition": "A multi-party body pooling funding or facilities across organisations or states — ITER being the largest example." }, { "id": "role:offtaker", "label": "Offtaker", "definition": "Contracted buyer of future output — the role Microsoft occupies with Helion." }, { "id": "role:unclassified", "label": "Unclassified", "definition": "Discovered and captured, but not yet classified. Carries no claim about what the organization does. The autonomous discovery loop lands stubs with this role rather than guessing a real one — a wrong role is a false assertion, while an explicit 'we have not looked yet' is true. Records holding it are excluded from every sector listing and leaderboard until reclassified." } ], "approach": [ { "id": "approach:fusion", "label": "Fusion", "sortOrder": 1, "definition": "Umbrella term used only where a record’s specific confinement approach is not established by evidence. A narrower term is always preferred when the sources support one." }, { "id": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "label": "Magnetic confinement", "shortLabel": "MCF", "broader": "approach:fusion", "definition": "Holding a hot plasma away from material walls using magnetic fields, for seconds to steady-state." }, { "id": "approach:tokamak", "label": "Tokamak", "broader": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "definition": "Doughnut-shaped magnetic confinement using a strong toroidal field plus a current driven through the plasma itself. The most-studied configuration, and the one ITER uses." }, { "id": "approach:spherical-tokamak", "label": "Spherical tokamak", "broader": "approach:tokamak", "aliases": [ "spherical torus", "ST" ], "definition": "A tokamak squeezed towards a cored-apple shape. The tighter aspect ratio holds plasma pressure with less magnetic field, which is efficient — but leaves very little room at the centre for the central column." }, { "id": "approach:stellarator", "label": "Stellarator", "broader": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "definition": "Confinement produced entirely by external coils twisted into complex three-dimensional shapes, with no current driven through the plasma. Far harder to build than a tokamak and inherently steady-state rather than pulsed." }, { "id": "approach:mirror", "label": "Magnetic mirror", "broader": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "definition": "Plasma trapped between two regions of strong magnetic field that reflect particles back. Simple and linear, but historically leaky at the ends." }, { "id": "approach:frc", "label": "Field-reversed configuration", "shortLabel": "FRC", "broader": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "definition": "A self-organised plasma ring that generates its own confining field, with no central coil. Compact and high-beta, but stability over long timescales is the open question." }, { "id": "approach:levitated-dipole", "label": "Levitated dipole", "broader": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "definition": "Confinement around a single magnetically levitated superconducting ring, modelled on how planetary magnetospheres hold plasma." }, { "id": "approach:reversed-field-pinch", "label": "Reversed-field pinch", "broader": "approach:magnetic-confinement", "definition": "A toroidal configuration where the field reverses direction at the plasma edge, allowing confinement at much lower external field than a tokamak." }, { "id": "approach:inertial-confinement", "label": "Inertial confinement", "shortLabel": "ICF", "broader": "approach:fusion", "definition": "Compressing fuel so fast that its own inertia holds it together long enough to burn — nanoseconds, not seconds." }, { "id": "approach:icf-laser-indirect", "label": "Laser ICF, indirect drive", "broader": "approach:inertial-confinement", "definition": "Laser energy converted to X-rays in a hohlraum, which drives the capsule. The NIF configuration." }, { "id": "approach:icf-laser-direct", "label": "Laser ICF, direct drive", "broader": "approach:inertial-confinement", "definition": "Laser beams strike the fuel capsule directly. More efficient than indirect drive in principle, but far more sensitive to how evenly the beams are applied." }, { "id": "approach:icf-heavy-ion", "label": "Heavy-ion ICF", "broader": "approach:inertial-confinement", "definition": "Heavy ion beams rather than lasers deliver the compression energy. Accelerators are efficient and repeat readily, which lasers of this scale do not." }, { "id": "approach:projectile-driven", "label": "Projectile-driven", "broader": "approach:inertial-confinement", "definition": "A physical projectile accelerated to extreme velocity compresses the fuel on impact." }, { "id": "approach:magneto-inertial", "label": "Magneto-inertial", "broader": "approach:fusion", "definition": "Compression of a magnetised plasma; sits between MCF and ICF in density and timescale." }, { "id": "approach:z-pinch", "label": "Z-pinch", "broader": "approach:magneto-inertial", "aliases": [ "sheared-flow-stabilised Z-pinch" ], "definition": "A current driven straight through a plasma column, whose own magnetic field squeezes it inward. Long dismissed as unstable; sheared-flow stabilisation revived it." }, { "id": "approach:magnetized-target", "label": "Magnetized target", "broader": "approach:magneto-inertial", "definition": "A magnetised plasma target compressed mechanically or by an imploding liner. Sits between magnetic and inertial confinement in density and timescale." }, { "id": "approach:pulsed-magnetic-compression", "label": "Pulsed magnetic compression", "broader": "approach:magneto-inertial", "definition": "Repeated compression of a plasma by pulsed magnetic fields, recovering energy directly from the expansion rather than through a steam cycle." }, { "id": "approach:electrostatic", "label": "Electrostatic confinement", "broader": "approach:fusion", "definition": "Confinement by electric rather than magnetic fields." }, { "id": "approach:iec", "label": "Inertial electrostatic confinement", "broader": "approach:electrostatic", "definition": "Electric fields rather than magnetic ones confine the ions. Simple to build and well proven as a neutron source; net energy is a different matter." }, { "id": "approach:beam-target", "label": "Beam-target", "broader": "approach:fusion", "definition": "Net-energy-incapable by construction, but commercially relevant for neutron and isotope production." }, { "id": "approach:fission", "label": "Fission", "sortOrder": 2, "definition": "Energy released by splitting heavy nuclei. Every operating nuclear power station works this way; every fusion device in this dataset does not." }, { "id": "approach:water-cooled", "label": "Water-cooled", "broader": "approach:fission", "definition": "Reactors using ordinary or heavy water as both coolant and neutron moderator." }, { "id": "approach:pwr", "label": "Pressurised water reactor", "shortLabel": "PWR", "broader": "approach:water-cooled", "definition": "Water kept under high pressure so it heats without boiling, transferring heat to a separate steam loop. The most common reactor type in service worldwide." }, { "id": "approach:bwr", "label": "Boiling water reactor", "shortLabel": "BWR", "broader": "approach:water-cooled", "definition": "Water boils directly in the core and the steam drives the turbine — one loop instead of two, simpler but with an activated steam circuit." }, { "id": "approach:salt-based", "label": "Salt-based", "broader": "approach:fission", "definition": "Reactors using molten salt as fuel carrier, coolant, or both." }, { "id": "approach:molten-salt", "label": "Molten salt reactor", "shortLabel": "MSR", "broader": "approach:salt-based", "definition": "Fuel DISSOLVED in the salt. Distinct from a salt-cooled reactor with solid fuel — conflating the two is the most common advanced-nuclear classification error." }, { "id": "approach:fhr", "label": "Fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor", "shortLabel": "FHR", "broader": "approach:salt-based", "definition": "Molten salt COOLANT with solid fuel, typically TRISO. Kairos Power's KP-FHR is the reference example. Added in wave w001 after the original vocabulary forced it into approach:molten-salt, which was wrong." }, { "id": "approach:gas-cooled", "label": "Gas-cooled", "broader": "approach:fission", "definition": "Reactors cooled by gas — usually helium or carbon dioxide — allowing higher outlet temperatures than water." }, { "id": "approach:htgr", "label": "High-temperature gas-cooled reactor", "shortLabel": "HTGR", "broader": "approach:gas-cooled", "definition": "Helium-cooled and graphite-moderated, running far hotter than a water reactor. The high outlet temperature suits industrial process heat as well as electricity." }, { "id": "approach:liquid-metal", "label": "Liquid-metal cooled", "broader": "approach:fission", "definition": "Reactors cooled by molten metal, enabling a fast neutron spectrum at near-atmospheric pressure." }, { "id": "approach:sfr", "label": "Sodium fast reactor", "shortLabel": "SFR", "broader": "approach:liquid-metal", "definition": "Liquid sodium coolant with a fast neutron spectrum. Sodium carries heat superbly at atmospheric pressure, but burns in air and reacts violently with water." }, { "id": "approach:lfr", "label": "Lead fast reactor", "shortLabel": "LFR", "broader": "approach:liquid-metal", "definition": "Molten lead or lead-bismuth coolant, fast spectrum. Chemically inert with water and air, unlike sodium, at the cost of weight and corrosion engineering." }, { "id": "approach:heat-pipe", "label": "Heat-pipe microreactor", "broader": "approach:fission", "definition": "Heat moved by sealed heat pipes rather than pumped coolant. No primary pumps and no coolant loop, which suits very small transportable reactors." } ], "fuel": [ { "id": "fuel:d-t", "label": "Deuterium–tritium", "shortLabel": "D-T", "definition": "Lowest ignition threshold; 80% of energy in 14.1 MeV neutrons. The reference fuel for every near-term net-gain claim." }, { "id": "fuel:d-d", "label": "Deuterium–deuterium", "shortLabel": "D-D", "definition": "Deuterium only. Needs far higher temperature than D-T but the fuel is abundant in seawater and no tritium breeding is required." }, { "id": "fuel:d-he3", "label": "Deuterium–helium-3", "shortLabel": "D-³He", "definition": "Deuterium with helium-3. Most energy released as charged particles rather than neutrons, which allows direct electrical conversion — but helium-3 is vanishingly scarce on Earth." }, { "id": "fuel:p-b11", "label": "Proton–boron-11", "shortLabel": "p-¹¹B", "aliases": [ "aneutronic", "hydrogen-boron" ], "definition": "Aneutronic, and requires roughly an order of magnitude more triple product than D-T. A p-¹¹B roadmap that skips D-T is a listed red flag." }, { "id": "fuel:leu", "label": "Low-enriched uranium", "definition": "Below 5% U-235." }, { "id": "fuel:haleu", "label": "High-assay low-enriched uranium", "shortLabel": "HALEU", "definition": "5–20% U-235. The binding supply constraint for most advanced reactor designs." }, { "id": "fuel:triso", "label": "TRISO particle fuel", "definition": "Fuel kernels wrapped in layers of carbon and silicon carbide, each particle its own containment vessel. Retains fission products to very high temperature." }, { "id": "fuel:mox", "label": "Mixed oxide fuel", "shortLabel": "MOX", "definition": "Mixed oxide fuel, combining plutonium with uranium. Uses material recovered from reprocessing rather than fresh enrichment." }, { "id": "fuel:thorium", "label": "Thorium", "definition": "Thorium-232, which is fertile rather than fissile: it must absorb a neutron to become uranium-233 before it can fission. More abundant than uranium." } ], "metric": [ { "id": "metric:gain-target", "label": "Target gain (Q_target)", "shortLabel": "Q_target", "definition": "Fusion energy released divided by laser energy delivered to the target assembly.", "numerator": "Total fusion energy yield of the implosion", "denominator": "Laser energy delivered to the target, including hohlraum losses", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 1 }, { "id": "metric:gain-capsule", "label": "Capsule gain", "definition": "Fusion energy divided by energy absorbed by the fuel capsule. Always larger than target gain — quoting it as 'the' gain overstates performance.", "numerator": "Total fusion energy yield", "denominator": "Energy absorbed by the capsule", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 2 }, { "id": "metric:gain-plasma", "label": "Plasma gain (Q_plasma)", "shortLabel": "Q_plasma", "aliases": [ "Q_sci", "scientific gain" ], "definition": "Fusion power divided by external heating power coupled into the plasma. The magnetic-confinement counterpart of target gain.", "numerator": "Fusion power produced", "denominator": "External heating power coupled into the plasma", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 3 }, { "id": "metric:gain-equivalent", "label": "Equivalent D-T gain (extrapolated)", "definition": "Gain a D-D or D-³He shot WOULD have reached had it run on D-T. A calculation, never a measurement. Requires conditions.isSimulated = true and is excluded from achieved leaderboards.", "numerator": "Modelled D-T fusion power", "denominator": "External heating power coupled into the plasma", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 4 }, { "id": "metric:gain-engineering", "label": "Engineering gain (Q_eng)", "shortLabel": "Q_eng", "definition": "Net electrical output divided by total electrical input, recirculating power included. No device has exceeded zero.", "numerator": "Gross electrical output", "denominator": "Total electrical input including all plant recirculating power", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 5 }, { "id": "metric:gain-wallplug", "label": "Wall-plug gain", "definition": "Fusion energy released divided by total facility energy drawn from the grid for the shot. The number that is almost never quoted, and typically two to three orders of magnitude below target gain.", "numerator": "Total fusion energy yield", "denominator": "Total facility grid energy drawn for the shot", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 6 }, { "id": "metric:triple-product", "label": "Fusion triple product (nTτ_E)", "shortLabel": "nTτ", "definition": "Density × ion temperature × energy confinement time. The fairest single comparator across confinement approaches.", "dimension": "triple-product", "canonicalUnit": "1e21 m^-3 keV s", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 10 }, { "id": "metric:lawson-parameter", "label": "Lawson parameter (nτ_E)", "dimension": "lawson", "canonicalUnit": "1e20 m^-3 s", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 11, "definition": "Density × energy confinement time (nτ_E). The Lawson criterion in its original form, before temperature was folded in to give the triple product." }, { "id": "metric:ion-temperature", "label": "Ion temperature", "definition": "Record with qualifier peak or sustained — they are different achievements and conflating them is a listed red flag.", "dimension": "temperature", "canonicalUnit": "keV", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 12 }, { "id": "metric:electron-temperature", "label": "Electron temperature", "dimension": "temperature", "canonicalUnit": "keV", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 13, "definition": "Electron temperature. Distinct from ion temperature and usually lower in the plasmas that matter here; fusion rate depends on the ions, so quoting electron temperature as \"the\" temperature overstates nothing but answers a different question." }, { "id": "metric:energy-confinement-time", "label": "Energy confinement time (τ_E)", "dimension": "time", "canonicalUnit": "s", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 14, "definition": "How long the plasma retains its energy (τ_E) — stored energy divided by heating power. NOT the length of the discharge: a machine can hold a plasma for 1,000 seconds with a confinement time of a fraction of a second, and conflating the two is one of the most common errors in coverage." }, { "id": "metric:plasma-density", "label": "Plasma density", "dimension": "number-density", "canonicalUnit": "m^-3", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 15, "definition": "Number of particles per cubic metre. Fusion rate scales with the square of density, which is why it appears in both the Lawson parameter and the triple product." }, { "id": "metric:plasma-duration", "label": "Plasma duration", "definition": "Wall-clock length of a sustained discharge. Distinct from confinement time, and routinely confused with it in press coverage.", "dimension": "time", "canonicalUnit": "s", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 16 }, { "id": "metric:fusion-energy-yield", "label": "Fusion energy yield", "dimension": "energy", "canonicalUnit": "MJ", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 17, "definition": "Total fusion energy released in one shot or pulse. A numerator only — on its own it says nothing about the energy required to produce it. See gain." }, { "id": "metric:fusion-power", "label": "Fusion power", "dimension": "power", "canonicalUnit": "MW", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 18, "definition": "Thermal power released by fusion reactions. A rate, not a total; the total released in one pulse is fusion energy yield." }, { "id": "metric:neutron-yield", "label": "Neutron yield per shot", "dimension": "count", "canonicalUnit": "neutrons", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 19, "definition": "Neutrons produced per shot. For D-T, roughly 80% of the energy leaves as 14.1 MeV neutrons, so neutron yield is often the most direct measurement of how much fusion actually occurred." }, { "id": "metric:repetition-rate", "label": "Repetition rate", "definition": "Shots per second. The metric that separates a physics demonstration from a power plant.", "dimension": "frequency", "canonicalUnit": "Hz", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility", "product" ], "sortOrder": 20 }, { "id": "metric:magnetic-field-onaxis", "label": "On-axis magnetic field", "dimension": "magnetic-flux-density", "canonicalUnit": "T", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility", "product" ], "sortOrder": 21, "definition": "Toroidal field strength at the plasma magnetic axis (B₀). A design parameter of the machine, not something achieved on a shot. Peak field on the coil is higher and is recorded separately." }, { "id": "metric:magnetic-field-peak-coil", "label": "Peak field on coil", "dimension": "magnetic-flux-density", "canonicalUnit": "T", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility", "product" ], "sortOrder": 22, "definition": "The highest field anywhere on the magnet, which is what the conductor and structure must survive. Always higher than the on-axis field quoted for the plasma, and the two are not interchangeable." }, { "id": "metric:major-radius", "label": "Major radius", "shortLabel": "R0", "definition": "Distance from the torus axis to the plasma centre. A design parameter of the machine, not a shot result.", "dimension": "length", "canonicalUnit": "m", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 27 }, { "id": "metric:minor-radius", "label": "Minor radius", "shortLabel": "a", "definition": "Plasma cross-section radius. Design parameter.", "dimension": "length", "canonicalUnit": "m", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 28 }, { "id": "metric:plasma-current", "label": "Plasma current", "dimension": "current", "canonicalUnit": "MA", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 23, "definition": "Current driven through the plasma (Iₚ). In a tokamak it generates the poloidal field confinement depends on; a stellarator produces that field from its coils and needs none." }, { "id": "metric:tritium-breeding-ratio", "label": "Tritium breeding ratio", "definition": "Must exceed 1 for a D-T plant to be self-sufficient. Almost always modelled rather than measured — check conditions.isSimulated.", "dimension": "dimensionless", "canonicalUnit": "1", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility", "product" ], "sortOrder": 24 }, { "id": "metric:laser-energy", "label": "Laser energy on target", "dimension": "energy", "canonicalUnit": "MJ", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 25, "definition": "Laser energy delivered on target. The denominator of target gain. The energy drawn from the grid to produce it is far larger, which is why wall-plug gain differs from target gain by orders of magnitude." }, { "id": "metric:hts-critical-current", "label": "HTS tape critical current", "definition": "Meaningless without conditions — record temperature and applied field in conditions.", "dimension": "current", "canonicalUnit": "A", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "product" ], "sortOrder": 26 }, { "id": "metric:electrical-capacity", "label": "Net electrical capacity", "dimension": "power", "canonicalUnit": "MW", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "facility", "product" ], "sortOrder": 40, "definition": "Net electrical output to the grid, after the plant’s own consumption. Distinct from thermal capacity, and lower — typically by a factor of about three." }, { "id": "metric:thermal-capacity", "label": "Thermal capacity", "dimension": "power", "canonicalUnit": "MW", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "facility", "product" ], "sortOrder": 41, "definition": "Heat produced by the reactor core. Roughly three times the electrical capacity for a steam-cycle plant; quoting thermal figures where a reader expects electrical inflates the number without stating an untruth." }, { "id": "metric:fuel-enrichment", "label": "Fuel enrichment", "dimension": "fraction", "canonicalUnit": "%", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "product", "facility" ], "sortOrder": 42, "definition": "Percentage of fissile isotope in the fuel. Above 5% and up to 20% is HALEU, which most advanced designs need and for which Western supply is currently thin." }, { "id": "metric:refuelling-interval", "label": "Refuelling interval", "dimension": "time", "canonicalUnit": "a", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "product" ], "sortOrder": 43, "definition": "How long the reactor runs before refuelling. A headline advantage of many small designs, and a claim that only becomes a fact once a reactor has run that long." }, { "id": "metric:core-outlet-temperature", "label": "Core outlet temperature", "definition": "Sets which industrial heat applications a design can serve.", "dimension": "temperature", "canonicalUnit": "degC", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "product", "facility" ], "sortOrder": 44 }, { "id": "metric:capacity-factor", "label": "Capacity factor", "dimension": "fraction", "canonicalUnit": "%", "betterDirection": "higher", "appliesTo": [ "facility" ], "sortOrder": 45, "definition": "Energy actually generated as a fraction of what continuous full-power operation would give. The number that separates a plant that runs from a plant that exists." }, { "id": "metric:overnight-capital-cost", "label": "Overnight capital cost", "dimension": "specific-cost", "canonicalUnit": "USD/kW", "betterDirection": "lower", "appliesTo": [ "product", "facility" ], "sortOrder": 46, "definition": "Build cost excluding financing, as if the plant appeared overnight. Widely quoted because it is flattering: real projects pay interest for a decade of construction, and that is where nuclear economics is usually decided." }, { "id": "metric:lcoe", "label": "Levelised cost of energy", "dimension": "specific-cost", "canonicalUnit": "USD/MWh", "betterDirection": "lower", "appliesTo": [ "product", "facility" ], "sortOrder": 47, "definition": "Levelised cost of energy — lifetime cost divided by lifetime output. Highly sensitive to discount rate, capacity factor and build time, so two LCOE figures are rarely comparable unless all three assumptions are stated." }, { "id": "metric:headcount", "label": "Headcount", "dimension": "count", "canonicalUnit": "persons", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "organization" ], "sortOrder": 60, "definition": "Employees. A rough proxy for scale, and one of the few figures a private company reliably discloses." }, { "id": "metric:cumulative-funding", "label": "Cumulative funding raised", "definition": "DERIVED by summing deals — never hand-entered. This is what makes '$65M+' and '~$8.94M across 3 rounds' impossible to write down.", "dimension": "currency", "canonicalUnit": "USD", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "organization" ], "sortOrder": 61 }, { "id": "metric:patent-families", "label": "Patent families", "dimension": "count", "canonicalUnit": "families", "betterDirection": "none", "appliesTo": [ "organization" ], "sortOrder": 62, "definition": "Distinct inventions patented, counting one family rather than each national filing. Filing counts inflate the same invention many times over." } ], "ptype": [ { "id": "ptype:power-plant-design", "label": "Power plant design", "definition": "A complete plant concept, of which instances may be built. The design is the Product; a plant built from it is a Facility." }, { "id": "ptype:reactor-module", "label": "Reactor module", "definition": "A factory-built reactor unit intended to be shipped and installed rather than constructed on site — the central premise of the SMR case." }, { "id": "ptype:component", "label": "Component", "definition": "A discrete part supplied into someone else’s system: a magnet, a valve, a vacuum vessel." }, { "id": "ptype:material", "label": "Material", "definition": "A material supplied as such — lithium, beryllium, tungsten, HTS tape, structural steel." }, { "id": "ptype:fuel", "label": "Fuel", "definition": "Fuel as a product: TRISO pebbles, fuel assemblies, tritium, deuterium." }, { "id": "ptype:subsystem", "label": "Subsystem", "definition": "An integrated assembly performing a function — a heating system, a divertor, a fuel-handling plant." }, { "id": "ptype:instrument", "label": "Instrument or diagnostic", "definition": "Diagnostic or measurement equipment, from neutron detectors to interferometers." }, { "id": "ptype:software", "label": "Software", "definition": "Simulation, control or analysis software sold or licensed as a product." }, { "id": "ptype:service", "label": "Service", "definition": "Work sold rather than a thing: engineering, testing, irradiation, decommissioning, consultancy." }, { "id": "ptype:isotope", "label": "Isotope or radiopharmaceutical", "definition": "Near-term revenue for several fusion-adjacent firms, and often the real business model behind a fusion roadmap." }, { "id": "ptype:energy-offtake", "label": "Energy offtake", "definition": "A contract to buy future output. The buyer is taking a position on a plant existing, which is why offtakes are tracked as deals rather than as revenue." } ], "cat": [ { "id": "cat:magnets", "label": "Magnets", "definition": "Magnet systems that confine the plasma. The dominant cost and engineering risk in most magnetic-confinement designs." }, { "id": "cat:hts-tape", "label": "HTS tape", "broader": "cat:magnets", "definition": "REBCO and related high-temperature superconducting tape. The binding supply constraint for high-field tokamak programmes." }, { "id": "cat:cryogenics", "label": "Cryogenics", "definition": "Cooling to superconducting temperatures, and the plant that sustains it. Superconducting magnets are only an advantage if the cryoplant works." }, { "id": "cat:vacuum", "label": "Vacuum systems", "definition": "Vacuum vessels, pumps and seals. A fusion device is among the largest high-vacuum systems ever built." }, { "id": "cat:heating-current-drive", "label": "Heating and current drive", "definition": "Systems that heat the plasma and drive current in it — microwaves, neutral beams, radiofrequency." }, { "id": "cat:gyrotron", "label": "Gyrotron", "broader": "cat:heating-current-drive", "definition": "High-power microwave sources for electron-cyclotron heating. A specialist supply chain with very few vendors worldwide." }, { "id": "cat:neutral-beam", "label": "Neutral beam injector", "broader": "cat:heating-current-drive", "definition": "Injectors that heat plasma by firing energetic neutral atoms into it, which cross the magnetic field because they carry no charge." }, { "id": "cat:lasers", "label": "Lasers and optics", "definition": "Laser drivers and optics. For inertial confinement the laser IS the machine, and its wall-plug efficiency sets the ceiling on any plant." }, { "id": "cat:targets", "label": "ICF targets", "definition": "Fuel capsules for inertial confinement. A power plant would need several a second; the current world supply is measured in hundreds a year." }, { "id": "cat:plasma-facing", "label": "Plasma-facing components", "definition": "Components that face the plasma directly and take the heat and particle flux — the hardest materials problem in fusion." }, { "id": "cat:divertor", "label": "Divertor", "broader": "cat:plasma-facing", "definition": "The component that exhausts heat and helium ash from the plasma edge. Steady-state heat fluxes there rival a rocket nozzle." }, { "id": "cat:blanket", "label": "Breeding blanket", "broader": "cat:plasma-facing", "definition": "The breeding blanket, which absorbs neutrons to make tritium and capture heat. No commercial-scale blanket has ever operated, and without one D-T fusion has no fuel supply." }, { "id": "cat:tritium-handling", "label": "Tritium handling", "definition": "Storage, recovery and accounting for tritium. It is radioactive, mobile, expensive, and the world civil inventory is small enough to constrain the whole sector." }, { "id": "cat:diagnostics", "label": "Diagnostics", "definition": "Instruments that measure what the plasma is doing. Every number in this benchmark exists because a diagnostic produced it." }, { "id": "cat:power-conversion", "label": "Power conversion", "definition": "Turning heat into electricity — turbines, generators, heat exchangers, steam or gas cycles." }, { "id": "cat:pulsed-power", "label": "Pulsed power", "definition": "Capacitor banks and switching that deliver enormous energy in microseconds, used by z-pinch and inertial approaches." }, { "id": "cat:structural-materials", "label": "Structural and irradiation-tolerant materials", "definition": "Structures that survive 14 MeV neutron damage without unacceptable swelling, embrittlement or long-lived activation." }, { "id": "cat:enrichment", "label": "Enrichment", "definition": "Raising the fissile fraction of uranium. The chokepoint of the fission fuel cycle, and the step with the heaviest non-proliferation constraints." }, { "id": "cat:triso-fuel", "label": "TRISO fuel", "definition": "Tri-structural isotropic fuel: fissile kernels in ceramic coatings that retain fission products at high temperature. The safety case for several advanced designs rests on it." }, { "id": "cat:used-fuel", "label": "Used fuel and waste management", "definition": "Spent fuel storage, reprocessing and waste management — the part of the fuel cycle no design escapes." }, { "id": "cat:simulation", "label": "Simulation and modelling", "definition": "Modelling of plasmas, neutronics, materials and whole plants. Cheaper than experiments, and never a substitute for one." }, { "id": "cat:robotics", "label": "Remote handling and robotics", "definition": "Remote handling and maintenance. Once a machine is activated, everything inside it must be serviced without a human present." } ], "atype": [ { "id": "atype:logo", "label": "Logo", "definition": "The organization's primary identifying mark." }, { "id": "atype:wordmark", "label": "Wordmark", "broader": "atype:logo", "definition": "A logo consisting of the organisation’s name set as type, rather than a symbol." }, { "id": "atype:icon", "label": "Icon", "broader": "atype:logo", "definition": "Square mark without the wordmark, for favicons and dense table rows." }, { "id": "atype:product-image", "label": "Product image", "definition": "A picture of what an organisation makes. A copyrighted work, unlike a logo, so it is shown for identification with attribution." }, { "id": "atype:facility-photo", "label": "Facility photograph", "definition": "A photograph of a plant, device or site." }, { "id": "atype:diagram", "label": "Diagram or schematic", "definition": "A technical drawing or schematic." }, { "id": "atype:headshot", "label": "Headshot", "definition": "A photograph of a person." } ], "license": [ { "id": "license:trademark-nominative", "label": "Nominative trademark use", "definition": "Using a mark to identify the entity it belongs to, in an editorial directory, unmodified and without implying endorsement. The normal basis for logos here. It is a defensible position, not a licence granted to us — the mark stays the owner's." }, { "id": "license:press-kit", "label": "Press kit", "definition": "Published by the owner for media use. Check the accompanying terms, which often restrict modification." }, { "id": "license:permission-granted", "label": "Permission granted", "definition": "Explicit written permission. Record who granted it and when in attribution." }, { "id": "license:cc-by", "label": "CC BY", "definition": "Attribution required — populate attribution or the gate fails." }, { "id": "license:cc-by-sa", "label": "CC BY-SA", "definition": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike: reusable with credit, but derivatives must carry the same licence — which is why it is tracked separately from CC BY." }, { "id": "license:public-domain", "label": "Public domain", "definition": "No copyright restrictions apply. Common for work produced by US federal agencies." }, { "id": "license:unknown", "label": "Unknown", "definition": "Placeholder only. An asset with license:unknown must never be published; the gate rejects it. Use it to park a capture pending a licence determination, never to ship one." }, { "id": "license:fair-dealing-identification", "label": "Fair dealing — identification", "definition": "A third party's copyrighted image shown at reduced size to identify what an organisation makes, with attribution and a link to the source. Weaker than trademark-nominative use, which covers logos: a mark may be reproduced to name its owner, whereas a product photograph is a creative work and its use rests on fair dealing or fair use. Recorded distinctly so these can be found and removed on request." } ], "ftype": [ { "id": "ftype:fusion-device", "label": "Fusion device", "definition": "An experimental machine that confines plasma for fusion research — tokamaks, stellarators, mirrors, pinches. Laser and pulsed-power drivers are ftype:laser-facility instead." }, { "id": "ftype:laser-facility", "label": "Laser facility", "definition": "A driver facility that compresses fuel using laser or pulsed-power energy rather than confining it magnetically." }, { "id": "ftype:power-reactor", "label": "Power reactor", "definition": "A reactor built to generate power commercially, rather than to conduct research." }, { "id": "ftype:research-reactor", "label": "Research reactor", "definition": "A reactor operated for experiments, isotope production or training rather than for grid power." }, { "id": "ftype:test-stand", "label": "Test stand", "definition": "A rig for testing components or subsystems outside a complete machine." }, { "id": "ftype:enrichment-plant", "label": "Enrichment plant", "definition": "A facility that raises the fissile fraction of uranium." }, { "id": "ftype:fuel-fabrication", "label": "Fuel fabrication plant", "definition": "A facility that manufactures reactor fuel." }, { "id": "ftype:manufacturing", "label": "Manufacturing site", "definition": "A factory producing components, modules or materials for the sector." } ], "pstage": [ { "id": "pstage:concept", "label": "Concept", "sortOrder": 1, "definition": "Described on paper. No hardware exists." }, { "id": "pstage:development", "label": "In development", "sortOrder": 2, "definition": "Actively engineered, with hardware being built or tested, but not yet a working whole." }, { "id": "pstage:prototype", "label": "Prototype", "sortOrder": 3, "definition": "A working article exists and is being tested. Not necessarily at full scale." }, { "id": "pstage:qualified", "label": "Qualified", "sortOrder": 4, "definition": "Formally demonstrated against a specification or certified by an authority." }, { "id": "pstage:commercial", "label": "Commercial", "sortOrder": 5, "definition": "Sold and deployed to customers." }, { "id": "pstage:discontinued", "label": "Discontinued", "sortOrder": 6, "definition": "No longer developed or offered. Kept in the record rather than deleted." } ], "status": [ { "id": "status:active", "label": "Active", "definition": "The organisation is trading or operating. This says nothing about whether its technology works — an active company may have built nothing." }, { "id": "status:stealth", "label": "Stealth", "definition": "Operating without public disclosure of what it is doing. Recorded when existence is established but activity is not." }, { "id": "status:acquired", "label": "Acquired", "definition": "Bought by another organisation. The record is retained, with the acquirer named, because history does not stop at acquisition." }, { "id": "status:defunct", "label": "Defunct", "definition": "Ceased to exist. The record stays: a directory that quietly deletes failures overstates the sector’s success rate." }, { "id": "status:construction", "label": "Under construction", "definition": "Physical construction has begun on site. Distinct from a construction permit, which is permission to begin and often precedes the first concrete by years." }, { "id": "status:commissioning", "label": "Commissioning", "definition": "Built, and being brought into operation. Between construction and operating, and frequently the longest phase." }, { "id": "status:operating", "label": "Operating", "definition": "The facility is running. For a device this means it produces plasma or is critical, not merely that the building stands." }, { "id": "status:shutdown", "label": "Shut down", "definition": "Permanently ceased operation. The record is kept rather than deleted — the history is part of the evidence." }, { "id": "status:decommissioned", "label": "Decommissioned", "definition": "Permanently shut down and being dismantled." }, { "id": "status:planned", "label": "Planned", "definition": "Announced or designed, but not under construction. Permanently ineligible for achievement leaderboards: a target is not a result." }, { "id": "status:cancelled", "label": "Cancelled", "definition": "Abandoned before completion. A first-class outcome in this dataset, not an absence of one." } ], "regstage": [ { "id": "regstage:pre-application", "label": "Pre-application engagement", "sortOrder": 1, "definition": "Talking to the regulator before filing anything. No application exists. Coverage describing this as engagement with the regulator is accurate; describing it as progress toward approval is not." }, { "id": "regstage:application-submitted", "label": "Application submitted", "sortOrder": 2, "definition": "An application has been filed with the regulator. Filing is not acceptance, review, or approval, and applications are regularly withdrawn." }, { "id": "regstage:application-accepted", "label": "Accepted for review", "sortOrder": 3, "definition": "The regulator has accepted an application for review — \"docketing\". It means the paperwork is complete enough to examine, and says nothing about whether it will be approved." }, { "id": "regstage:safety-review-complete", "label": "Safety review complete", "sortOrder": 4, "definition": "The regulator has finished its technical safety evaluation. A major milestone, and still not permission to build." }, { "id": "regstage:design-approval", "label": "Design approval or certification", "sortOrder": 5, "definition": "The regulator has approved or certified a design. This is NOT permission to build: a site licence or construction permit is a separate and additional step. Coverage describing design approval as \"approved to build\" is the most common regulatory error in this sector." }, { "id": "regstage:construction-permit-issued", "label": "Construction permit issued", "sortOrder": 6, "definition": "The regulator has authorised construction at a named site. The strongest pre-construction stage, and distinct from design approval, which is site-independent." }, { "id": "regstage:construction-start", "label": "Construction start", "sortOrder": 7, "definition": "Physical construction has begun. Distinct from holding a permit that allows it." }, { "id": "regstage:operating-licence-submitted", "label": "Operating licence submitted", "sortOrder": 8, "definition": "An application to operate has been filed, typically after construction is under way." }, { "id": "regstage:operating-licence-issued", "label": "Operating licence issued", "sortOrder": 9, "definition": "Permission to operate granted. The point at which a built plant may actually run." }, { "id": "regstage:fuel-load", "label": "Fuel load", "sortOrder": 10, "definition": "Fuel loaded into the reactor for the first time. Irreversible in practice: the plant is radioactive from here on." }, { "id": "regstage:first-criticality", "label": "First criticality", "sortOrder": 11, "definition": "The reactor first sustained a chain reaction — the moment a design becomes an operating plant." }, { "id": "regstage:grid-connection", "label": "Grid connection", "sortOrder": 12, "definition": "First delivery of electricity to the grid. Frequently reported as \"operational\", though full commercial operation usually follows months later." }, { "id": "regstage:commercial-operation", "label": "Commercial operation", "sortOrder": 13, "definition": "Declared commercially operational, after commissioning tests are complete. The end of the regulatory sequence and the start of the economic one." }, { "id": "regstage:application-denied", "label": "Application denied", "sortOrder": 90, "definition": "Terminal for that application. Kept visible — denials are as informative as approvals and are routinely omitted from company timelines." }, { "id": "regstage:application-withdrawn", "label": "Application withdrawn", "sortOrder": 91, "definition": "The applicant withdrew before a decision. Recorded as a first-class outcome — withdrawals and denials disappear from most trackers, which biases every remaining figure." } ], "mstype": [ { "id": "mstype:technical", "label": "Technical", "definition": "An achievement of the machine or the physics." }, { "id": "mstype:regulatory", "label": "Regulatory", "definition": "A step in a licensing process, decided by a regulator rather than the developer." }, { "id": "mstype:construction", "label": "Construction", "definition": "A physical build milestone — first concrete, module delivery, vessel installation." }, { "id": "mstype:commercial", "label": "Commercial", "definition": "A market event: a contract, an offtake, a first sale." }, { "id": "mstype:financial", "label": "Financial", "definition": "A funding or corporate-finance event." } ], "instr": [ { "id": "instr:equity-round", "label": "Equity round", "definition": "Capital raised in exchange for ownership. The only instrument that dilutes existing holders, and the one most often reported as \"raised\"." }, { "id": "instr:grant", "label": "Grant", "definition": "Non-dilutive money that need not be repaid, usually public. Adding grants to equity and calling the sum \"total raised\" is the most common error in fusion funding figures." }, { "id": "instr:milestone-award", "label": "Milestone-based award", "definition": "Paid against delivered technical milestones. The DOE fusion programme's mechanism, and structurally unlike a VC round." }, { "id": "instr:debt", "label": "Debt", "definition": "Borrowed money, repayable with interest." }, { "id": "instr:convertible", "label": "Convertible note or SAFE", "definition": "A loan that may convert to equity later. Neither purely debt nor equity until it converts." }, { "id": "instr:ipo", "label": "IPO", "definition": "First sale of shares to the public." }, { "id": "instr:spac", "label": "SPAC merger", "definition": "Listing by merger with a shell company already on an exchange. Faster than an IPO and historically associated with more optimistic projections." }, { "id": "instr:acquisition", "label": "Acquisition", "definition": "Purchase of one organisation by another." }, { "id": "instr:offtake-ppa", "label": "Offtake or power purchase agreement", "definition": "Commits capacity, not cash. Recording it as a funding round would overstate capital raised." }, { "id": "instr:prize", "label": "Prize", "definition": "An award won competitively, usually for a demonstrated result." }, { "id": "instr:in-kind", "label": "In-kind contribution", "definition": "How most ITER-party contributions are actually made." }, { "id": "instr:loan-guarantee", "label": "Loan guarantee", "definition": "A government promise to cover a lender if the borrower defaults. Not cash received, and counting it as funding raised overstates a balance sheet substantially." } ], "round": [ { "id": "round:pre-seed", "label": "Pre-seed", "sortOrder": 1, "definition": "The earliest institutional money, usually before a working prototype." }, { "id": "round:seed", "label": "Seed", "sortOrder": 2, "definition": "First substantial round, typically funding a first demonstration." }, { "id": "round:series-a", "label": "Series A", "sortOrder": 3, "definition": "First priced venture round, usually after a technical result." }, { "id": "round:series-b", "label": "Series B", "sortOrder": 4, "definition": "Scaling round, typically funding a larger machine." }, { "id": "round:series-c", "label": "Series C", "sortOrder": 5, "definition": "Later-stage round, typically toward a pilot plant." }, { "id": "round:series-d", "label": "Series D", "sortOrder": 6, "definition": "Late-stage round." }, { "id": "round:series-e", "label": "Series E", "sortOrder": 7, "definition": "Very late-stage round; in this sector often the one funding first-of-a-kind construction." }, { "id": "round:growth", "label": "Growth", "sortOrder": 8, "definition": "Large round raised outside the lettered sequence, often from crossover or strategic investors." }, { "id": "round:bridge", "label": "Bridge", "sortOrder": 9, "definition": "Short-term financing between rounds. Frequently a signal about timing rather than about progress." } ], "invtype": [ { "id": "invtype:venture", "label": "Venture capital", "definition": "A fund investing other people’s money for financial return." }, { "id": "invtype:corporate-vc", "label": "Corporate venture", "definition": "A corporate investment arm, typically with strategic as well as financial motives." }, { "id": "invtype:strategic", "label": "Strategic corporate", "definition": "An operating company investing for commercial advantage — a utility, a supplier, a customer." }, { "id": "invtype:sovereign-wealth", "label": "Sovereign wealth fund", "definition": "A state investment fund." }, { "id": "invtype:government-agency", "label": "Government agency", "definition": "A public body deploying public money, usually against policy objectives rather than returns." }, { "id": "invtype:family-office", "label": "Family office", "definition": "Private capital managed for one family. Often the earliest and most patient money in this sector." }, { "id": "invtype:angel", "label": "Angel", "definition": "An individual investing personally." }, { "id": "invtype:crossover", "label": "Crossover or public-market fund", "definition": "A public-markets investor buying into private rounds, usually late and often ahead of a listing." }, { "id": "invtype:development-bank", "label": "Development bank", "definition": "A multilateral or national development institution lending against policy goals." } ], "reltype": [ { "id": "reltype:supplies", "label": "Supplies", "inverseLabel": "Supplied by", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Provides components, materials or services to another organisation." }, { "id": "reltype:partner-with", "label": "Partner with", "inverseLabel": "Partner with", "symmetric": true, "definition": "A stated collaboration between organisations, symmetric by definition." }, { "id": "reltype:collaborates-with", "label": "Collaborates with", "inverseLabel": "Collaborates with", "symmetric": true, "definition": "Works jointly on research or development, typically without a commercial contract." }, { "id": "reltype:operates", "label": "Operates", "inverseLabel": "Operated by", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Runs a facility, which may have been built or owned by someone else." }, { "id": "reltype:owns", "label": "Owns", "inverseLabel": "Owned by", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Holds ownership of a facility or asset." }, { "id": "reltype:subsidiary-of", "label": "Subsidiary of", "inverseLabel": "Parent of", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Is majority-owned and controlled by another organisation." }, { "id": "reltype:spun-out-of", "label": "Spun out of", "inverseLabel": "Spun out", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Was founded out of a university, laboratory or company. Common in this sector and frequently the origin of the technology." }, { "id": "reltype:licensee-of", "label": "Licensee of", "inverseLabel": "Licensor to", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Holds a licence to another organisation’s technology." }, { "id": "reltype:customer-of", "label": "Customer of", "inverseLabel": "Supplier to", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Buys from another organisation." }, { "id": "reltype:offtaker-of", "label": "Offtaker of", "inverseLabel": "Offtake provider to", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Has contracted to buy future output." }, { "id": "reltype:regulates", "label": "Regulates", "inverseLabel": "Regulated by", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Holds regulatory authority over another organisation." }, { "id": "reltype:member-of", "label": "Member of", "inverseLabel": "Has member", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Belongs to a consortium, association or programme." }, { "id": "reltype:acquired", "label": "Acquired", "inverseLabel": "Acquired by", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Bought another organisation." }, { "id": "reltype:employs", "label": "Employs", "inverseLabel": "Employed by", "symmetric": false, "definition": "Employs a named person." } ], "prog": [ { "id": "prog:doe-milestone-based-fusion", "label": "DOE Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program", "definition": "US Department of Energy programme paying private fusion developers on delivery of agreed technical milestones rather than up front." }, { "id": "prog:arpa-e", "label": "ARPA-E", "definition": "US advanced research agency for energy, funding high-risk work including several fusion concepts." }, { "id": "prog:iter", "label": "ITER", "definition": "The international tokamak under construction in France, funded by seven members representing over half the world’s population." }, { "id": "prog:eurofusion", "label": "EUROfusion", "definition": "The European consortium coordinating fusion research across member states, and the operator of record for JET." }, { "id": "prog:uk-step", "label": "UK STEP", "definition": "Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production: the UK programme to build a prototype fusion power plant at West Burton." }, { "id": "prog:nrc-arcap", "label": "NRC Advanced Reactor Content of Application Project", "definition": "The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Advanced Reactor Content of Application Project, defining what an advanced-reactor application must contain." } ] } }